Government Matching of Cultural Crowdfunding: An exploratory comparative analysis of the Spanish and Swedish cases
Resumen
Over the last decade, crowdfunding has become a major way to fund and develop creative projects. This is why regional governments in many European countries have begun to support crowdfunding platforms as providers of technology. Governments offer various kinds of support, including match-funding, which, as its name suggests, supplements crowdfunding campaigns with public monies. However, there is a dearth of academic research on cultural crowdfunding and public-private partnerships. This paper uses a qualitative methodology to come up with a conceptual model for governmental support and collaboration with cultural crowdfunding platforms. It also gives two case studies of public-private partnerships that support crowdfunding initiatives in Spain and Sweden. The lack of support and intervention mechanisms may suggest that regional and local governments still see crowdfunding as a marginal way of financing those cultural projects that cannot access other sources of funding.
Descargas
Citas
Amman, S. (2016). The matchfunding model of Crowdculture. E. Commission.
https://www.crowdfunding4culture. eu/crowdculture-matchfunding-model
Baeck, P., Bone, J. & Mitchell, S. (2017). Matching the crowd: Combining crowdfunding and
institutional funding to get great ideas off the ground. Nesta.
https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/matching-the-crowd-combining-crowdfunding-
and-institutional-funding-to-get-great-ideas-off-the-ground/
Barbieri, N., Fina, X., Partal, A. & Subirats, J. (2019). The raise of crowdfunding in the cultural
field. A new architecture for shared production or simply a reformulation of fragility and
precariousness? [Article]. Arbor-Ciencia Pensamiento y cultura, 195(791), 13, Article a490.
https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2019.791n1003
Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T. & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd.
Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003
Bernard, A. & Gazel, M. (2018). La place de la foule dans le financement de projet musicaux: les
financeurs participatifs et l’industrie financent-ils les mêmes projets. In F. Moreau & Y. Nicolas
(Eds.), Financement participatif : une voie d’avenir pour la culture ? (pp. 105-128). Ministère de
la Culture - DEPS. https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf. php?ID_ARTICLE=DEPS_MORE_2018_01_0021
Binimelis, M. A. (2016). The crowdfunding discourses: balance and tensions around audiodiovisual
democratisation [Article]. Ic-Revista Cientifica De Informacion Y Comunicacion (13), 117-153.
https://doi.org/10.12795/IC.2016.i01.04 Blomgren, R. (2012). Autonomy or democratic cultural
policy: that is the question. International Journal of Cultural
Policy, 18(5), 519-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2012.708861
Bonet, L. & Négrier, E. (2011). La tensión estandarización-diferenciación en las políticas
culturales. El caso de España y Francia. Gestión y Análisis de Políticas Públicas (6), 53-73.
https://doi.org/10.24965/gapp.v0i6.9946
Bonet, L. & Négrier, E. (2018). The participative turn in cultural policy: Paradigms, models,
contexts. Poetics(66), 64 - 73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2018.02.006
Bonet, L. & Sastre, E. (2016). Le financement participatif, une alternative à la politique
culturelle? Nectart, 2(1), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.3917/nect.002.0121
Borchi, A. (2020). Towards a Policy for the Cultural Commons. In E. Macrì, V. Morea & M. Trimarchi
(Eds.), Cultural Commons and Urban Dynamics: A Multidisciplinary Perspective (pp. 11-24). Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54418-8_2
Brabham, D. C. (2017). How crowdfunding discourse threatens public arts [Article]. New Media &
Society, 19(7), 983-999. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625946
Bustamente, E. (2013). España: la cultura en tiempos de crisis. Madrid: Fundación Alternativas.
Cameron, S. (2016). Past, present and future: music economics at the crossroads. Journal of
Cultural Economics, 40(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-015-9263-4
Cejudo Cordoba, R. (2017). Participation of the public in funding of the cultural offer: ethical
arguments for debate.
Arbor-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 193(784), Article a387.
https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2017.784n2009 Chartrand, H. H. & McCaughey, C. (1989). The arm’s
length principle and the arts: an international perspective–
past, present and future. Who’s to Pay for the Arts, 43-80.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry et research design: choosing among five approaches.
SAGE Publications.
Cummings, M. C. & Schuster, J. M. D. (1989). Who’s to pay for the arts?: the international search
for models of arts support. ACA Books.
Dalla Chiesa, C. (2020). From Digitalisation to Crowdfunding Platforms: Fomenting the Cultural
Commons. In E. Macrì, V. Morea & M. Trimarchi (Eds.), Cultural Commons and Urban Dynamics: A
Multidisciplinary Perspective (pp. 173-186). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54418-8_11
Dalla Chiesa, C. & Dekker, E. (2021). Crowdfunding in the arts: beyond match-making on platforms.
Socio-Economic Review, mwab006. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwab006
Davidson, R. (2019). The Role of Platforms in Fulfilling the Potential of Crowdfunding as an
Alternative Decentralized Arena for Cultural Financing. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 13(1),
-140. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2019-0005 Davidson, R. & Poor, N. (2015). The barriers facing
artists’ use of crowdfunding platforms: Personality, emotional
labor, and going to the well one too many times [Article]. New Media & Society, 17(2), 289-307.
https://doi.
org/10.1177/1461444814558916
Davies, R. (2014). Civic crowdfunding: Participatory Communities, Entrepreneurs and the Political
Economy of Place.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2434615
Davies, R. (2015). Three provocations for civic crowdfunding. Information, Communication & Society,
(3), 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.989878
De Voldere, I., Romainville, J. F., Knotter, S., Durinck, E., Engin, E., Le Gall, A., Kern, P.,
Airaghi, E., Pletosu, T. & Ranaivoson, H. (2017). Mapping the creative value chains (927966638X).
E. Commission. https://op.europa.eu/s/velb
De Voldere, I. & Zeqo, K. (2017). Crowdfunding - Reshaping the crowd’s engagement in culture.
Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2766/011282
Dubois, V. (2015). Cultural policy regimes in Western Europe. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. (Vol. 5, pp. 460 - 465). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08- 097086-8.10419-2
EU. (2010). Green Paper: Unlocking the potential of cultural and creative industries (Brussels, COM
(2010), Issue. E. Commission.
https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1cb6f484-074b-4913-87b3-344ccf020eef/
language-en
EU Regulation 2020/1503 on European Crowdfunding Service Providers for Business, European Union
(2020). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R1503
Eurocrowd. (2021). Scaling up partnerships: A blueprint for the implementation of match-funding
schemes between public authorities and crowdfunding platforms.
https://eurocrowd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/FINAL_Eurocrowd-
ScalingUpPartnerships-2021-2.pdf
European Crowdfunding Network. (2018). Triggering Participation: A Collection of Civic Crowdfunding
and Match- funding Experiences in the EU. https://eurocrowd.org/
Evans, D. S. & Schmalensee, R. (2016). Matchmakers: The new economics of multisided platforms.
Harvard Business Review Press. Evans, G. (2009). Creative cities, creative spaces and urban policy.
Urban studies, 46(5-6), 1003-1040. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0042098009103853
Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of
qualitative research (pp. 301-316). Henningsen, E. & Blomgren, R. (2017). Organisere for
organiseringens skyld-Kultursamverkansmodellen og organisasjonsreformenes rolle i nordisk
kulturpolitikk. Nordisk kulturpolitisk tidsskrift, 20(01-02), 51-70. https://
doi.org/10.18261/ISSN2000-8325-2017-01-02-05
Holden, J. (2015). The Ecology of Culture - A Report commissioned by the Arts and Humanities
Research Council’s Cultural Value Project.
www.ahrc.ac.uk/documents/project-reports-and-reviews/the-ecology-of-culture
Hong, S. & Ryu, J. (2019). Crowdfunding public projects: Collaborative governance for achieving
citizen co-funding of public goods. Government Information Quarterly, 36(1), 145-153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.11.009
Klamer, A., Petrova, L. & Mignosa, A. (2006). Financing the Arts and Culture in the European Union.
Lazzaro, E. & Noonan, D. (2020). A comparative analysis of US and EU regulatory frameworks of
crowdfunding for the cultural and creative industries. International Journal of Cultural Policy,
-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0286632.2020.1776270
Le Béchec, M., Dejean, S., Alloing, C. & Méric, J. (2018). Le financement participatif des projets
culturels et ses petits mondes. In F. Moreau & Y. Nicolas (Eds.), Financement participatif : une
voie d’avenir pour la culture ? (pp. 177-218). Ministère de la Culture - DEPS.
Lehner, O. M. (2013). Crowdfunding social ventures: a model and research agenda. Venture Capital,
(4), 289-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2013.782624
Lenart-Gansiniec, R. (2021). Crowdfunding in Public Sector: A Systematic Literature Review. In R.
Lenart-Gansiniec &
J. Chen (Eds.), Crowdfunding in the Public Sector (pp. 21-42). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77841-5_2 Lindström Sol, S. (2019). The democratic value of
participation in Swedish cultural policy. Comunicação e sociedade(36),
-99. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.36(2019).2346
Loots, E. (2020, October 6 2020). Do local governments master the art of matching? Drivers and
barriers of match-funding through the Voordekunst crowdfunding platform ECAF Research Conference
, Utrecht. https://www.uu.nl/en/ events/ecaf-research-conference-2020
Macht, S. & Weatherston, J. (2015). Academic research on crowdfunders: What’s been done and what’s
to come?
Strategic Change, 24(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2010
Mangset, P., Kangas, A., Skot-Hansen, D. & Vestheim, G. (2008). Nordic cultural policy.
International Journal of Cultural Policy, 14(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630701856435
Maxwell, J. A. (2009). Designing a Qualitative Study. In L. Bickman & D. J. Rog (Eds.), The SAGE
handbook of applied social research methods (2 ed., pp. 214 - 253). SAGE Publications, Inc.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483348858
McKenny, A. F., Allison, T. H., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Short, J. C. & Ireland, R. D. (2017). How should
crowdfunding research evolve? A survey of the entrepreneurship theory and practice editorial board.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(2), 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12269
Mendes-Da-Silva, W., Rossoni, L., Conte, B. S., Gattaz, C. C. & Francisco, E. R. (2016). The
impacts of fundraising periods and geographic distance on financing music production via
crowdfunding in Brazil. Journal of Cultural Economics, 40(1), 75-99.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-015-9248-3
Menger, P.-M. (1999). Artistic Labor Markets and Careers. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1),
-574. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.541
Menger, P.-M. (2010). Cultural policies in Europe. From a state to a city-centered perspective on
cultural generativity (10- 28). National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies - GRIPS Discussion
Paper 10-28.
Mollick, E. & Nanda, R. (2016). Wisdom or Madness? Comparing Crowds with Expert Evaluation in
Funding the Arts. Management Science, 62(6), 1533-1553. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2207
Moreau, F. & Nicolas, Y. (2018). Introduction. In F. Moreau & Y. Nicolas (Eds.), Financement
Participatif: une voie d’avenir pour la culture? (pp. 7-19). Ministère de la Culture - DEPS.
https://www.cairn.info/financement-participatif-une-
voie-d-avenir--9782724623253.htm
Munoz Villarreal, A. (2018). A brief reference to the colloborative economy and cultural heritage Revista Juridica de
Castilla y León (44), 181-192.
Myndigheten för kulturanalys. (2013). Jakten på medborgarfinansiering: en omvärldsanalys av crowdfunding. Myndigheten
för kulturanalys Retrieved from https://kulturanalys.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Omvarldsanalys_-
Crowdfunding_2013.pdf
Pratt, A. C. (2005). Cultural industries and public policy: An oxymoron? International Journal of Cultural Policy, 11(1),
-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630500067598
Rius-Ulldemolins, J., Flor Moreno, V. & Hernàndez i Martí, G.-M. (2019). The dark side of cultural policy: economic
and political instrumentalisation, white elephants, and corruption in Valencian cultural institutions. International
Journal of Cultural Policy, 25(3), 282-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1296434
Rius-Ulldemolins, J., Pizzi, A. & Rubio Arostegui, J. A. (2019). European models of cultural policy: towards European
convergence in public spending and cultural participation? Journal of European Integration, 41(8), 1045-1067.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1645844
Rius-Ulldemolins, J. & Rubio Aróstegui, J. A. (2016). Treinta años de políticas culturales en España: Participación cultural,
gobernanza territorial e industrias culturales. Universitat de València.
Rochet, J. C. & Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic
Association, 1(4), 990-1029.
Rubio-Arostegui, J. A. & Villarroya, A. (2021). Patronage as a way out of crisis? the case of major cultural institutions
in Spain. Cultural Trends, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2021.1986670
Rubio Arostegui, J. A. & Rius-Ulldemolins, J. (2020). Cultural policies in the South of Europe after the global economic
crisis: is there a Southern model within the framework of European convergence? [Article]. International Journal
of Cultural Policy, 26(1), 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2018.1429421
Rykkja, A., Mæhle, N., Munim, Z. H. & Shneor, R. (2020). Crowdfunding in the Cultural Industries. In R. Shneor,
L. Zhao & B.-T. Flåten (Eds.), Advances in Crowdfunding: Research and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-46309-0_18
Sanjuán, J., Rausell, P., Coll, V. & Abeledo, R. (2020). Mayors, Using Cultural Expenditure in An Opportunistic Way
Improves the Chances of Re-Election, but Do Not Do It: Revisiting Political Budget Cycles. Sustainability, 12(21),
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219095
Schuster, J. M. D. (1989). Government Leverage of Private Support: Matching Grants and the Problem with New Money.
In M. J. Wyszomirski & P. Clubb (Eds.), The Cost of Culture: Patterns and Prospects of Private Arts Patronage. ACA Books.
Senabre, E. & Morell, M. F. (2018). Match-Funding as a Formula for Crowdfunding: A Case Study on the Goteo.org Platform
Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, Paris, France.
Shneor, R. & Munim, Z. H. (2019). Reward crowdfunding contribution as planned behaviour: An extended framework.
Journal of Business Research, 103, 56-70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.013
SOU. (2018:20). Grãsrotfinansiering. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet Retrieved from https://www.regeringen.se/
rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2018/03/sou-201820/
Stenström, E. (2008). What turn will cultural policy take? The renewal of the Swedish model. International Journal
of Cultural Policy, 14(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286630701856476
Styhre, A. (2013). The economic valuation and commensuration of cultural resources: Financing and monitoring
the Swedish culture sector. Valuation Studies, 1(1), 51-81. https://doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.131151
Swords, J. (2017). Crowd-patronage-Intermediaries, geographies and relationships in patronage networks. Poetics,
, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2017.09.001
van den Hoogen, Q. L. (2020). Values in crowdfunding in The Netherlands. International Journal of Cultural Policy,
(1), 109-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2018.1433666
Vestheim, G. (2008). All kulturpolitikk er instrumentell. In KulturSverige 2009 : Problemanalys och statistik (pp. 56-
. Swedish Cultural Policy Research Observatory. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18582
Wenzlaff, K. (2020a). Civic Crowdfunding: Four Perspectives on the Definition of Civic Crowdfunding. In R. Shneor,
L. Zhao & B.-T. Flåten (Eds.), Advances in Crowdfunding: Research and Practice (pp. 441-472). Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46309-0_19
Wenzlaff, K. (2020b). Where and how do public authorities and crowdfunding platforms collaborate? https://www.linkedin.
com/pulse/where-how-do-public-authorities-crowdfunding-karsten-wenzlaff
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley 22/1987 de 11 de noviembre de Propiedad Intelectual, BOE del 17 de noviembre de 1987, y conforme al mismo, los autores o autoras ceden a título gratuito sus derechos de edición, publicación, distribución y venta sobre el artículo, para que sea publicado en Debats. Revista de cultura, poder y sociedad.
Debats. Revista de cultura, poder y sociedad se publica bajo el sistema de licencias Creative Commons según la modalidad «Reconocimiento - NoComercial (by-nc): Se permite la generación de obras derivadas siempre que no se haga un uso comercial. Tampoco se puede utilizar la obra original con finalidades comerciales».
Así, cuando el autor o autora envía su colaboración, acepta explícitamente esta cesión de derechos de edición y de publicación. Igualmente autoriza a Debats. Revista de cultura, poder y sociedad, la inclusión de su trabajo en un fascículo de la revista para que se pueda distribuir y vender.
