Cyber-activism Against Sexual Violence: #BringBackOurGirls
Paraules clau:
extreme violence, digital campaigns, gendered violence, post-colonialResum
Over the last few years, many successful campaigns have both denounced women’s vulnerabilities and protested against gender violence. The success of these campaigns can be gauged by the number of their followers, spreading the message and involving celebrities and agencies around the world. Those campaigns have put gender inequality and women’s protests against sexual abuse firmly on the agenda. However, this still raises questions as to both the limits to and opportunities for cyber-activism in general and in war-torn areas in particular. This paper addresses the influence of digital campaigns against sexual violence, exploring the impact of the #BringBackOurGirls campaign, which covers the kidnapping of a large group of girls in Nigeria by the Boko Haram terrorist group. Among other things, we find that the campaign narrowly focuses on a group (‘The Chibok Girls’), ignoring the vulnerability of many other girls and young women in Nigeria.
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Referències
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Bent, E. (2016). Making It Up Intergenerational Activism and the Ethics of Empowering Girls. Girlhood Studies, 9(3), 105-121. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2016.090308
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorists, Londres: Hurst.
Botha, A. y Abdile, M. (2019). Reality Versus Perception: Toward Understanding Boko Haram in Nigeria. Studies in
Conflict & Terrorism, 42(5), 493-519. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1403152
Braidotti, R. (1994). Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
boyd, d. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bunch, C. (2001). Women’s Human Rights: The Challenges of Global Feminist and Diversity. En M. Dekoven (ed.)
(2001), Feminist Locations: Global and Local, Theory and Practice (p. 129-146). New Brunswick: Rutgers.
Bustillos, J. (2017). The Case of Tumblr: Young People’s Mediatised Responses to the Crisis of Learning about Gender at School. En B. Revelles-Benavente y A. M. González Ramos (ed.), Teaching Gender: Feminist Pedagogy and Responsibility in Times of Political Crisis (p. 163-177). Londres: Routledge.
Butler, J. (2009). Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? Nueva York: Verso.
Carter Olson, C. (2016). #BringBackOurGirls: Digital Communities Supporting Real-World Change and Influencing Mainstream Media Agendas. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 772-787. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1154887
Castells, M. (2011). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Boston (MA): Polity Press.
Cockburn, C. (1998). The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict. Londres y Nueva York: Zed Book.
Coleman, R. (2018). Theorizing the Present: Digital Media, Pre-emergence and Infra-structures of Feeling. Cultural Studies, 32(3), 1-23. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2017.1413121
Comolli, V. (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamism Insurgency. Londres: Hurst & Company.
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Cox, K., Marcellino, W., Bellasio, J., Ward, A., Galai, K., Meranto, S., et ál.(4 de noviembre de 2018). Social Media in
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Enloe, C. (1989). Bananas, Beaches, Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Londres: Pandora Press.
Escola de Cultura de Pau (2019). Alert 2019! Report on Conflicts, Human Rights and Peacebuilding. Barcelona: Icaria.
Friedman, E. (2016). Interpreting the Internet: Feminist and Queer Counterpublics in Latin America. California: University of California Press.
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Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 347-350. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1008747
Magallón Portolés, C. (2010). Decidir en los procesos de paz, un derecho de hombres y mujeres. ¿Qué ha aportado la resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad? Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global,109, 45-56.
Magallón Portolés, C. (2020). El extremismo violento: un reto para el feminismo pacifista. Debats: Revista de cultura, poder y sociedad, 134(2), 15-28. DOI: http://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-134-2.2
Mahmood, O. S. (28 de marzo de 2017). More than Propaganda: A Review of Boko Haram’s Public Messages. En ISS -Institute for Security Studies, West Africa Report. https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/more-than-propaganda-areview-of-boko-harams-public-messages
Mandrona, A. (2016). Ethical practice and the Study of Girlhood. Girlhood Studies, 9(3), 3-19. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2016.090302
Matfess, H. (2017). Women and the War on Boko Haram: Wives, Weapons, Witnesses. Londres: Zed Book.
Maxfield, M. (2016). History Retweeting Itself: Imperial Feminist Appropriations of ‘Bring Back Our Girls'. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 886-900. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1116018
Mayah, E., Mariotti, C., Mere, E. y Okwudili Odo, C. (2017). Inequality in Nigeria: Exploring the Drivers. Oxfam International. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-nigeria-exploring-drivers
Medina-Vicent, M. (2019) “«Woman, manage your life!» El discurs de la conciliació laboral-familiar en la literatura popular del management dirigida a dones”, Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat, 133(1), pp. 63-76. doi: http://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats.133-1.5.
Mitchell, C. (2017). Technological Nonviolence and Girls: Creating a Counter Discourse. Girlhood Studies, 10(2), 5-6. DOI: 10.3167/ghs.2017.100201.
Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3), 333-358. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07412-6_5.
Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. En Mohanty, C. T. (ed.) (1991). Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (p. 51-80). Bloomington: Indiana Press.
Ordu, G. E. (2017). Trends and Patterns of Boko Haram Terrorist and Militants’ Aggression in Nigeria. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 35-41. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.08.006
Ponzanesi, S. (ed.) (2014). Gender, Globalization, and Violence Postcolonial Conflict Zones. Nueva York: Routledge.
Ringrose, J. y Eriksson, K. (2011). Gendered Risks and Opportunities? Exploring Teen Girls’ Digital Sexual Identity in Postfeminist Media Contexts. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 7(2), 121-138. DOI: 0.1386/macp.7.2.121_1
Riles, A. (2002). Rights Inside Out: The Case of the Women’s Human Rights Campaign. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15(2), 285-305. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156502000146
Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 193-209. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065752
Asamblea General de la ONU (2001). Protocolos facultativos de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativos a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados y a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía. A/RES/54/263. 16 de junio de 2015. https://undocs.org/es/A/RES/54/263
Benhabib, S. (1992). Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, Oxford: Polity Press.
Bent, E. (2016). Making It Up Intergenerational Activism and the Ethics of Empowering Girls. Girlhood Studies, 9(3), 105-121. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2016.090308
Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshell: Women and Terrorists, Londres: Hurst.
Botha, A. y Abdile, M. (2019). Reality Versus Perception: Toward Understanding Boko Haram in Nigeria. Studies in
Conflict & Terrorism, 42(5), 493-519. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1403152
Braidotti, R. (1994). Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
boyd, d. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bunch, C. (2001). Women’s Human Rights: The Challenges of Global Feminist and Diversity. En M. Dekoven (ed.)
(2001), Feminist Locations: Global and Local, Theory and Practice (p. 129-146). New Brunswick: Rutgers.
Bustillos, J. (2017). The Case of Tumblr: Young People’s Mediatised Responses to the Crisis of Learning about Gender at School. En B. Revelles-Benavente y A. M. González Ramos (ed.), Teaching Gender: Feminist Pedagogy and Responsibility in Times of Political Crisis (p. 163-177). Londres: Routledge.
Butler, J. (2009). Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? Nueva York: Verso.
Carter Olson, C. (2016). #BringBackOurGirls: Digital Communities Supporting Real-World Change and Influencing Mainstream Media Agendas. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 772-787. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1154887
Castells, M. (2011). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Boston (MA): Polity Press.
Cockburn, C. (1998). The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict. Londres y Nueva York: Zed Book.
Coleman, R. (2018). Theorizing the Present: Digital Media, Pre-emergence and Infra-structures of Feeling. Cultural Studies, 32(3), 1-23. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2017.1413121
Comolli, V. (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamism Insurgency. Londres: Hurst & Company.
Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU (2015). Resolución 222. 18 de junio de 2015. https://undocs.org/es/S/RES/2225(2015)
Cox, K., Marcellino, W., Bellasio, J., Ward, A., Galai, K., Meranto, S., et ál.(4 de noviembre de 2018). Social Media in
Africa: A Double-Edged Sword for Security and Development. United Nations Development Programme. https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/library/reports/social-media-in-africa-.html
Enloe, C. (1989). Bananas, Beaches, Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, Londres: Pandora Press.
Escola de Cultura de Pau (2019). Alert 2019! Report on Conflicts, Human Rights and Peacebuilding. Barcelona: Icaria.
Friedman, E. (2016). Interpreting the Internet: Feminist and Queer Counterpublics in Latin America. California: University of California Press.
Garrett, K. (2006). Protest in an Information Society: A Review of Literature on Social Movements and New ICTs.
Information, Communication and Society, 9(2), 202-224. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/13691180600630773
hooks, b. (1986). Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women’s Rights Feminism. Londres: Pluto Press.
Khoja-Moolji, S. (2015). Becoming an ‘Intimate Publics’: Exploring the Affective Intensities of Hashtag Feminism.
Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 347-350. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1008747
Magallón Portolés, C. (2010). Decidir en los procesos de paz, un derecho de hombres y mujeres. ¿Qué ha aportado la resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad? Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global,109, 45-56.
Magallón Portolés, C. (2020). El extremismo violento: un reto para el feminismo pacifista. Debats: Revista de cultura, poder y sociedad, 134(2), 15-28. DOI: http://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-134-2.2
Mahmood, O. S. (28 de marzo de 2017). More than Propaganda: A Review of Boko Haram’s Public Messages. En ISS -Institute for Security Studies, West Africa Report. https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/more-than-propaganda-areview-of-boko-harams-public-messages
Mandrona, A. (2016). Ethical practice and the Study of Girlhood. Girlhood Studies, 9(3), 3-19. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2016.090302
Matfess, H. (2017). Women and the War on Boko Haram: Wives, Weapons, Witnesses. Londres: Zed Book.
Maxfield, M. (2016). History Retweeting Itself: Imperial Feminist Appropriations of ‘Bring Back Our Girls'. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5), 886-900. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1116018
Mayah, E., Mariotti, C., Mere, E. y Okwudili Odo, C. (2017). Inequality in Nigeria: Exploring the Drivers. Oxfam International. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-nigeria-exploring-drivers
Medina-Vicent, M. (2019) “«Woman, manage your life!» El discurs de la conciliació laboral-familiar en la literatura popular del management dirigida a dones”, Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat, 133(1), pp. 63-76. doi: http://doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats.133-1.5.
Mitchell, C. (2017). Technological Nonviolence and Girls: Creating a Counter Discourse. Girlhood Studies, 10(2), 5-6. DOI: 10.3167/ghs.2017.100201.
Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3), 333-358. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07412-6_5.
Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. En Mohanty, C. T. (ed.) (1991). Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (p. 51-80). Bloomington: Indiana Press.
Ordu, G. E. (2017). Trends and Patterns of Boko Haram Terrorist and Militants’ Aggression in Nigeria. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 35-41. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.08.006
Ponzanesi, S. (ed.) (2014). Gender, Globalization, and Violence Postcolonial Conflict Zones. Nueva York: Routledge.
Ringrose, J. y Eriksson, K. (2011). Gendered Risks and Opportunities? Exploring Teen Girls’ Digital Sexual Identity in Postfeminist Media Contexts. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 7(2), 121-138. DOI: 0.1386/macp.7.2.121_1
Riles, A. (2002). Rights Inside Out: The Case of the Women’s Human Rights Campaign. Leiden Journal of International Law, 15(2), 285-305. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156502000146
Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 193-209. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065752
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Publicades
2020-12-30
Com citar
González Ramos, A. M., Revelles-Benavente, B. and Gisbert-Gràcia, V. . (2020) “Cyber-activism Against Sexual Violence: #BringBackOurGirls”, Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat, 5, pp. 233–244. Available at: https://revistadebats.net/article/view/2803 (Accessed: 22 November 2024).
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